בודקים [@bodkim 2022]. (2025, 14 ביוני). ברשתות מופץ פייק שנתניהו ברח לאתונה, גם בעברית וגם באנגלית. גם הציטוט לכאורה של בן כספית הוא שיקרי. [ציוץ]. X.https://x.com/bodkim2022/status/1933813518882443395
בודקים [@bodkim 2022]. (2025, 20 ביוני). בערוץ 14 מציגים את "מטס יום העצמאות בשמי איראן", מטוסים ישראלים בשמי איראן. העובדות: מדובר בסרטון ישן, פייק שעלה בערוץ… [ציוץ]. X. https://x.com/bodkim2022/status/1936074986072293456
בודקים [@bodkim 2022]. (2025, 22 ביוני). הסרטון שמשודר בערוץ 12 שנכתב עליו "איראן לפני זמן קצר", הוא לא סרטון שצולם היום. בטיקטוק למשל הסרטון הזה הופץ… [ציוץ]. X. https://x.com/bodkim2022/status/1936591851429023993
פייק ריפורטר [@FakeReporter]. (2025, 14 ביוני). שימו לב: חשבון הטוויטר הרשמי של צה"ל פרסם סרטון ובו נראים בהתחלה טילים בליסטיים שנורו בידי איראן בדרכם לישראל [ציוץ]. X.https://x.com/FakeReporter/status/1933634358784524773
פייק ריפורטר [@FakeReporter]. (2025, 15 ביוני). 1. ההודעה הזו מופצת ביממה האחרונה ברשתות החברתיות ומזהירה משיחות טלפון של חמאס וחיזבאללה לאזרחים ישראלים במטרה לאתר אותם ולפגוע בהם [ציוץ]. X.https://x.com/FakeReporter/status/1934193474837831844
פייק ריפורטר [@FakeReporter]. (2025, 17 ביוני). חשבון בשם "יהודי תימן" (50K עוקבים) פרסם סרטון שמראה נזקים לכאורה מפגיעה ישירה של כטב"ם איראני במגדל בתל אביב [ציוץ]. X. https://x.com/FakeReporter/status/1934933562844709214
פייק ריפורטר [@FakeReporter]. (2025, 18 ביוני). הסרטון הנ"ל בו נראה אדם במדים מלטף טיל גרעיני מיניאטורי הוא לא "טרור פסיכולוגי של איראן" אלא סרטון… [ציוץ]. X.https://x.com/FakeReporter/status/1935129042778251452
פייק ריפורטר [@FakeReporter]. (2025, 18 ביוני). הסרטון הזה שרץ ברשת ומראה לכאורה הפגנות למען ישראל באיראן – נוצר בעזרת AI. [ציוץ]. X. https://x.com/FakeReporter/status/1935431036495688122
Appani, A. K. (2025, June). A video of San Diego’s “No Kings” march is being shared as footage of Americans protesting against the US attack on Iran. Factly. https://factly.in/a-video-of-san-diegos-no-kings-march-is-being-shared-as-footage-of-americans-protesting-against-the-us-attack-on-iran/
Arabic News Health Investigation Service (2025, June 25). هذه الصورة ليست لحريق في إسرائيل نتيجة الصواريخ الإيرانية بل لحريق في فندق في الصين عام 2009 [This picture is not of a fire in Israel as a result of Iranian missiles, but of a fire in a hotel in China in 2009]. AFP. https://factcheckarabic.afp.com/doc.afp.com.62ZH7KD
Bhardwaj, S. (2025, June 20). इजरायल में मोसाद हेडक्वार्टर की तबाही के दावे से AI generated विजुअल वायरल [AI generated visuals go viral with claims of destruction of Mossad headquarters in Israel]. BOOM. https://hindi.boomlive.in/fact-check/iran-israel-conflict-ai-generated-visuals-of-mossad-headquarters-viral-28831
Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Beyond (mis)representation: Visuals in COVID-19 misinformation. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), 277-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220964780
Castroviejo, M. (2025, June 23). Esta imagen de un bombardero estadounidense B-2 supuestamente derribado por Irán está generada con IA [This image of a US B-2 bomber allegedly downed by Iran is AI-generated]. Newtral. https://www.newtral.es/b-2-derribado-iran-bulo/20250623/
Chowdhury, A. (2025, June 24). No, US bombers did not use Indian airspace to attack Iran. BOOM. https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/us-airstrikes-iran-indian-airspace-claim-fact-check-28864
Duke, A. (2025, June 22). Fact check: Video does NOT show lightning bolt during US bombing of Iran nuclear facility. Lead Stories. https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2025/06/fact-check-video-does-not-show-lightning-bolt-during-us-bombing-of-iran-nuclear-facility.html
EDMO. (2025, June 13). The first AI war: How the Iran-Israel conflict became a battlefield for generative misinformation. EDMO. https://edmo.eu/publications/the-first-ai-war-how-the-iran-israel-conflict-became-a-battlefield-for-generative-misinformation/
EU DisinfoLab Research Team. (2022, July 22). EU DisinfoLab’s methodology to classify fact-checked disinformation: A codebook. EU DisinfoLab. https://www.disinfo.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/20220720_Methodology_FINAL-1.pdf
Factnameh (n.d.). About us. https://factnameh.com/en/about
Gault, M., & Maiberg, E. (2025, June 18). The AI slop fight between Iran and Israel. 404 Media. https://www.404media.co/the-ai-slop-fight-between-iran-and-israel/
Hameleers, M. (2025). The visual nature of information warfare: The construction of partisan claims on truth and evidence in the context of wars in Ukraine and Israel/Palestine. Journal of Communication, 75(2), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqae045
Ibrahim, N. (2025, June 19). الفيديو من عام 2018 وليس لعملية نقل صاروخ إيراني ضخم [Video is from 2018 and not depicting the transfer of a massive Iranian missile]. Misbar. https://www.misbar.com/factcheck/2025/06/19/الفيديو–من–عام-2018-وليس–لعملية–نقل–صاروخ–إيراني–ضخم
Jo, H. (2025, June 26). AI image of crashed jet falsely linked to Iran-Israel war. AFP. https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.62Y23WD
Jones, G. M. (2025, June 19). How out-of-context videos mislead social media users on the Israel-Iran conflict. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/19/how-out-of-context-videos-mislead-social-media-users-on-the-israel-iran-conflict
Madhusoodan, K. (2025, June 18). Viral video claiming to show Tel Aviv Airport in ruins after Iran strike found to be AI-generated. Newschecker. https://newschecker.in/ai-deepfake/viral-video-claiming-to-show-tel-aviv-airport-in-ruins-after-iran-strike-found-to-be-ai-generated
Madhusoodan, K. (2025, June 19). Old video of stampede at Florida Mall shared as chaos at Tel Aviv airport. Newschecker.https://newschecker.in/fact-check/old-video-of-stampede-at-florida-mall-shared-as-chaos-at-tel-aviv-airport
Madhusoodan, K. (2025, June 20). Viral video claiming to show Israeli soldier begging Iran for mercy is AI-generated. Newschecker. https://www.newschecker.in/undefined/ai-deepfake/viral-video-claiming-to-show-israeli-soldier-begging-iran-for-mercy-is-a-deepfake
Mahalanobish, A. (2025, June 18). More old videos of missile strikes viral as Iran’s June attack on Israel. Alt News. https://www.altnews.in/more-old-videos-of-missile-strikes-viral-as-irans-june-attack-on-israel/
Misbar Editorial Team [فريق تحرير مسبار] (2025, June 15). مشاهد زائفة وليست لسقوط مبان في إسرائيل نتيجة القصف الإيراني [Fake footage of buildings collapsing in Israel as a result of Iranian bombing]. Misbar. https://www.misbar.com/factcheck/2025/06/15/مشاهد–زائفة–وليست–لسقوط–مبان–في–إسرائيل–نتيجة–القصف–الإيراني
Misbar Editorial Team [فريق تحرير مسبار] (2025, June 16). فيديو قديم من لبنان وليس لقصف إيراني على مبنى للمخابرات الإسرائيلية [An old video from Lebanon, not of an Iranian strike on an Israeli intelligence building]. https://www.misbar.com/factcheck/2025/06/16//فيديو–قديم–من–لبنان–وليس–لقصف–إيراني–على–مبنى–للمخابرات–الإسرائيلية
Misbar Editorial Team [فريق تحرير مسبار] (2025, June 20). الفيديو ذكاء اصطناعي وليس لإسرائيليين يعتذرون لإيران ويطلبون وقف الحرب [The video is AI-generated, not of Israelis apologizing to Iran and calling for a ceasefire]. Misbar. https://www.misbar.com/factcheck/2025/06/20/الفيديو–ذكاء–اصطناعي–وليس–لإسرائيليين–يعتذرون–لإيران–ويطلبون–وقف–الحرب
Moubayed, E. (2025, June 18). Video does not show Iranian attack on Bazan oil refinery in Haifa. Misbar. https://www.misbar.com/en/factcheck/2025/06/18/video-does-not-show-iranian-attack-bazan-oil-refinery-haifa
Murphy, M., Robinson, O., & Sardarizadeh, S. (2025, June 19). Israel–Iran conflict and AI disinformation: Dozens of AI-generated videos garner over 100 million views. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0k78715enxo
Myers, S. L., Odenheimer, N., & Solomon, E. (2025, July 15). Israel and Iran usher in new era of psychological warfare. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/15/technology/israel-iran-psychological-warfare.html
Pérez, S. (2025, June 23). El presidente de Irán no ha presentado su dimisión a 23 de junio de 2025, la carta viral es falsa [The president of Iran has not submitted his resignation as of June 23, 2025; the viral letter is fake]. Newtral. https://www.newtral.es/carta-renuncia-presidente-iran/20250623/
Ponce de León, E., & Chenrose, A. (2025, June 24). Grok struggles with fact-checking amid Israel-Iran war. DFRLab. https://dfrlab.org/2025/06/24/grok-struggles-with-fact-checking-amid-israel-iran-war/
Ram, Y., Wiener, A., & Ring, E. (2025, April). Disinformation resilience: Israel stakeholder analysis report. Israel Internet Association. https://www.isoc.org.il/files/docs/disinformation/Disinformation-Resilieance-Israel-Stakeholder-Analysis-Report-April2025.pdf
Rappler (2025, June 19). Fact check: Video of Iran lawmakers burning U.S. flag inside parliament is from 2018. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/video-iran-lawmakers-burning-us-flag-2018-not-recent/
Ring, E. (2025, July 6). Fake news, real missiles: Israel’s Telegram crisis is a national security threat. Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-07-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/fake-news-real-missiles-israels-telegram-crisis-is-a-national-security-threat/00000197-cffc-da1d-a5ff-effe6e780000
Shah, N. (2025, July 30). What the Israel-Iran conflict revealed about wartime cyber operations. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/what-the-israel-iran-conflict-revealed-about-wartime-cyber-operations/
Sodipe, L. (2025, June 26). مقاطع فيديو قديمة لانفجارات تُصوَّر زائفًا على أنها ضربات أمريكية على إيران [Old blast videos falsely depicted as US strikes on Iran]. AFP. https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.63DM9KF
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017, September). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html
Wiener, A., & Stegman, O. (2024). Social media and digital platforms use in Israel (2023–2024). Israel Internet Association. https://en.isoc.org.il/data-and-statistics/social-media-and-digital-platforms-use-in-israel-2023-2024
Yang, Y., Davis, T., & Hindman, M.D. (2023). Visual misinformation on Facebook. Journal of Communication, 73(4), 316-318. https://www.cmu.edu/ideas-social-cybersecurity/events/conference-archive/archive-conference-2021/conference-papers-2021/conference-2021-paper-8-visualmisinformation.pdf
Yasur, N., & Citrinowicz, D. (2024). Iranian foreign information manipulation and interference during the Swords of Iron War. INSS. https://www.inss.org.il/publication/iran-influence/
